Human health impacts

The GAINS model quantifies human health impacts from three different routes:

• Exposure to ambient fine particular matter (\(PM_{2.5}\))

• Exposure to ground-level ozone

• Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (\(NO_2\))

The following pages detail the impact methodology for each of those impact endpoints.

• Fine particulate matter (\(PM_{2.5}\))
• Ground-level ozone
• Nitrogen dioxide (\(NO_{2}\))